chunhui

2005年6月的考研

春晖 — Fri, 27 May 2005 17:42:00 GMT

考研搞的我现在整体生活质量降低，整天被数学英语折磨得心情郁闷，

2005管理学复试线

春晖 — Sat, 26 Mar 2005 16:22:00 GMT

管理学

名次    学校    政治    英语    专业一    专业二    总分

1    西安交通大学    65    65 100    100  370

2    浙江大学    55 55       100  100    360

3    清华大学    55 55       90 90       360

4    南京大学    55 55    90 90    355

5    北京大学    60 60    90 90    350

6    吉林大学    55 55    90 90    350

7    复旦大学    55 55    83 83    350

8    上海交通大学    55    60 85    85 350

9    南开大学    60 60    80 90    350

10 华中科技大学    55    55 90    90 345

陪你一起走过考研的日子之阅读篇（分论题型篇之二）

春晖 — Tue, 22 Mar 2005 15:05:00 GMT

中心思想题
中心思想题的概述：考研英语阅读中是否有中心思想题？传统的阅读理论中是有的，这一点是没有疑问的。但是在考研中准确的说是没有中心思想题的。因为大家应该还记得我们只有在小学的时候老师在讲语文课本时才会问我们一篇文章的中心思想的，但是到了初三以后老师就不再问我们文章的中心思想了，而是改问一篇文章的论点是什么？究其原因，因为从初三起我们学习的全部是议论文，对于议论文而言，我们只说它的论点是什么而不说它的中心思想是什么；小学学习的全是记叙文，只有记叙文才有中心思想。又因为上篇我们已经说过，所有考研的阅读理解的文章都是来源于美国国内发表的议论文，因此我们说在考研英语阅读中实际上是没有什么中心思想题的，只有论点题。但是我们的“大家”们一直认为有中心思想题，所以为了便于大家接受，我们在这里依旧把这样的论点题称为中心思想题。
中心思想题解题方法：我们的民族的历史文学里是没有议论文这样的文体的，或者说议论文是一个在近现代随着西方的炮火进入我们的文明的文学体裁。既然我们写议论文的模式是模仿西方的，那就是说我们在课堂上学到的写议论文的方法是完全和美国人写议论文的方法相吻合的。换句话说，就是，我们的论点写在什么地方那么美国人的论点也是写在那个位置。而我们在写议论文的时候论点有两种写法：一写在第一段第一句；二写在第一段最后一句。而且我们在文章结束的时候会在最后一段开头和结尾句写一些对第一段论点相呼应的句子。所以我们坚信，考研英语阅读的文章的论点必然在文章的第一段的首、末句中产生，而且最后一段首、末句对此论点予以呼应。也就是说，要找一篇文章的论点就看文章的首、末段的首、末句，它们共同指向的内容就是我们的论点。
因此，在考研英语中，要找一篇文章的中心思想就是找这个文章的论点，要找论点就看这个文章的首、末段的首、末句。答案必然在这个4句话中产生。在很多时候我们在读完这个4句话后发现，我们即使把这个4句话翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点，这个时候不是说我们就没有办法找到答案了。
事实上，在历年的真题里几乎所有的中心思想题我们都是不知道论点的，但是这个并不影响我们解题的。这个时候我们应该进入第2个解题的思维：选择最佳答案，而不是正确答案。如果一个选项是文章讲到的内容，但是却不是这个4句话讲到的内容，我们依旧不能选这个选项，因为该选项不是论点，最多是个论据而已。如果一个选项这个4句话没有讲到，而且文章根本就没有在任何段落提到，那么也不选，属于和文章无关的选项，但是在考试中我们发现有很多人选择无关选项，究其原因，是因为其实考研英语阅读是没有正确答案的，只有最佳答案，有的时候4个选项都是正确或错误的，但你必须选择一个最为接近原文意思的选项，而在有3个错误1个无关的时候就有人会选择无关的，其实无关选项是永远不能做正确答案的。如果一个选项和原文的意思相反那么也不选。如果有2个选项和原文4句话的意思相符合，那么还要比较哪个选项的意思最为符合原文4句话的意思，选择最全面概括这个4句话的选项。
一、主旨大意题
主旨大意题是中心思想题中的一种最为典型的题型。解题方法如上文。
例1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

54．The passage is mainly about .(1994)
(A) how American goods are produced
(B) how American consumers buy their goods.
(C) how American economic system works
(D) how American businessmen make their profits

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A选项是原文讲到的选项，原文第一段最后一句话说that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it，因此A是正确的，但是我们不能立刻就选A，因为我们在找最佳答案，既然是最佳就要有4个选项的比较，完全有可能4个选项都是正确的，但是只能选择一个；B选项是原文第一段最后一句讲到的，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，因此B也是正确的，符合原文意思的；C选项原文四句话都讲到了，但是美国经济模式的运作的范围很显然大于这个4句话的范围。D选项在原文第一段的最后一句也讲到了desire of businessmen to maximize profits，因此D也是正确符合原文意思的。4个选项都是正确的，但是不同的是A、B和D只是在原文的第一段的最后一句讲到了，很显然C选项概括了4句话的全部内容，因此因该选择C。

例2、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon-it's already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

58. What is this passage mainly about? (1994)
(A) Approaches to the commercial use of computers.
(B) conveniences brought about by computers in business.
(C) Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.
(D) Advantages of credit cards in business.

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是电脑的商业使用的方法，文章在最后一段讲到了电脑的商业使用的问题，因此A是符合原文意思的；B的意思是商业中电脑带来的便利，原文讲到了B选项，明显的证明是bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers，所以B也是正确并符合原文意思的；C的意思是自动化在商业企业中的重要性，文章4句话没有讲到自动化的问题，更没有讲到什么重要性，因此C是和原文无关的选项；D的意思是商业中信用卡的重要性，文章在第一段的第一句话就讲到了信用卡，但是没有讲到信用卡的重要性，因此D也是无关选项；因此这个题目的答案必然在A和B中产生。这个时候我们应该比较A和B有什么不同的地方。我们发现A强调的是“方法Approaches”而B强调的是“便利conveniences ”，很显然文章着重讲解的是电脑带来的便利，因此这个题目应该选B；

例3、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

61. This passage mainly deals with . (1994)
(A) the differences of children in their learning capabilities
(B) the definition of exceptional children in modern society
(C) the special educational programs for exceptional children
(D) the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是孩子在学习能力上的不同，但是文章的4句话并没有讲到学习能力的问题，因此是无关选项；B的意思是例外的孩子（弱智儿童）在现代社会的定义，文章4句话虽然讲到了exceptional children，但是并没有给它下定义，因此也是无关选项；C的意思是针对exceptional children的特别的项目，文章在最后一段讲到了这个问题；D的意思是调整教育以适应那些exceptional children的必要性，文章也讲到了；因此答案必然在C和D中产生，那就比较它们的不同，发现一个强调项目，一个强调必要性，而文章的4句话是强调必要性的多一点，因此应该选D；

例4、Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
20. The passage is mainly about . (1998)
(A) the features of volcanic activities
(B) the importance of the theory about drifting plates
(C) the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
(D) the process of the formation of volcanoes

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是火山运动的特征，该4句论点句并没有讲到这个问题，因此属于无关选项；B的意思是漂流板块理论的重要性，4句论点句也没有谈到漂流板块的问题，同A；C的意思是 hot spots在地球物理学研究中的重要性，文章讲到了hot spots的重要性，那么讲到地球物理学了吗？其实火山运动不就是地球物理学的一部分吗？因此看一个选项讲到没有，不应该仅仅看有没有一样的单词文章中出现没有，而且还要看相近意思的单词或句子出现没有，因此C是符合原文意思的正确选项，但是不能立刻选择，因为我们找的是最佳答案；D的意思是火山构成的过程，虽然这个4句话讲到了火山，但是没有谈及火山构成过程的问题，属于无关选项；因此这个题目应该选C；

例5、When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.
This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.
Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:‘Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty five kilograms. ’
This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?

9. This passage is mainly .(2000)
(A) a survey of new approaches to art
(B) a review of Futurist poetry
(C)about merits of the Futurist movement
(D) about laws and requirements of literature

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是对于搞艺术的新方法的调查，很显然文章4句话没谈到什么调查的问题，因此属于无关选项；B的意思是对于 Futurist poetry的回顾，表面上看4句话没有谈到这个问题，其实回顾包括了Futurist poetry的各个方面，它的范围远远大于文章4句话的内容，因此该选项是属于意思范围大于原文的选项，因此与原文意思是相吻合的，但是不能立刻就选，我们还要看看其他选项，从而确定哪个是最佳答案；C的意思是Futurist movement的优点，这里没有谈到什么优点，所以也属于无关选项；D的意思是与原文最后一段的第一句话意思相反的，所以不选；因此这个题目的最后最佳答案是B；

例6、Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.

59. What is the passage mainly about?(2001)
(A) needs of the readers all over the world
(B) causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
(C) origins of the declining newspaper industry
(D) aims of a journalism credibility project

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是全世界读者的需要，但是文章第一段已经告诉我们文章谈及的对象仅仅是美国的读者，而且我们的论点是为什么读者不满意，因此这个选项不选；B的意思是公众对于报纸失望的原因，符合文章论点句（第一段的文句一般就是论点句），因此该选项正确，但未必是最佳答案；C的意思是走下坡路的报纸行业的起源，这个问题文章根本就没讲到，文章是问读者不满意的不相信的原因；D的意思是记者业可信度项目的目的，虽然讲到了这个问题，但是它不是论点句，所以这个题目应该选择B；

二、标题题
标题题是指要求我们给一篇文章选一个标题的题目。因为我们在考研英语阅读中所有的文章都是议论文，所以我们要按照给议论文选标题的习惯和方法来解答。我们在写议论文的时候，一般标题和论点是相关的，而且是一针见血的指明论点的。所以要问一篇文章的标题就问这个文章的论点，而文章的论点必然是在首、末段的首、末句中产生的，因此标题类题目的答案必然是一个在意思内容上最全面概括首末段首末句这个4句话意思范围的选项。
例1、What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors ; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial”thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. ”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process… The designer and the inventor… are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist. ”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. , like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. ”
When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

16. The best title for this passage might be .(1996)
(A) Inventive Mind (B) Effective Schooling
(C) Ways of Thinking (D) Outpouring of Inventions
解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是发明创造的思想，表面看这个选项文章没有谈到，但是再仔细看看就发现其实A的意思范围包括了B和C，B和C都在文章最后一段的第一句话中产生即 schools,和spatial thinking，因此在这个三个选项中如果有正确答案的话只能是A；D的意思是发明创造的出现，文章讲到这个问题，但是文章第一段的文句论点句，很显然文章是想找的Outpouring of Inventions的原因，但Outpouring of Inventions是结果，所以D犯了个因果倒置的错误。所以这个题目选A；

例2、If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group or managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God.” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.

45. The best title for the text may be .(2002)
(A) Use Humor Effectively (B) Various Kinds of Humor
(C) Add Humor to Speech (D) Different Humor Strategies

解析：
第一步：判断本题目属于中心思想题；因此进入中心思想题的解题方法；
第二步：阅读文章首、末段首、末句4句话，使用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法得知这个4句话的意思（限于篇幅的原因我们就不一一翻译了）；翻译后我们发现，即使翻译为中文我们还是不知道文章的论点是什么。因此进入第2解题的思维：找最佳答案；
第三步：A的意思是有效果的使用幽默，文章讲到了这个问题，比如对经理应该说秘书的不是，而对于秘书应该说经理的不是；B的意思是各种各样的幽默，这个文章没有讲到，文章虽然讲到了幽默，但是没有谈到幽默的种类的问题；C的意思是把幽默添加到演讲里，在文章最后异端的最后一句话里讲到了这个问题；D的意思是不同的幽默的战略，很显然这个在第一段最后一句话也谈到了；所以可以成为正确答案的是A、C和D；但是只能选一个最佳答案，我们发现A的意思范围包括了C和D，因此这个题目的最佳答案是A；

三、目的题
目的题包括全文目的题和局部目的题。当我们问一篇文章的写作目的是什么的时候就是问这一篇议论文的写作目的，而议论文的写作目的总是为了说明文章的论点，所以全文目的题的答案也是在首末段首末句中产生，但是由于考研里已经考查了主旨大意题和标题题，所以再考全文目的题就是一个简单的重复，因此在历年的真题里几乎不考全文目的题，在这里我们也不详细的讲解该题型。局部目的题是问作者或他人对文章的局部问题的写作目的。因此从本质上讲局部目的题和全文的论点没有直接的关系，它的答案也不是在首末段的首末句中产生的。
这种题目的解题步骤如下：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。
第四步：寻找最佳答案；
例1、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding-the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

59. In paragrah 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that . (1994)
(A) the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
(B) exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
(C) exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
(D) the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
解析：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；根据本题的题干知道本题没有谈到局部情感态度的主体，只提到了the leading actor on the stage这个情感态度的对象，因此根据该对象我们在文章的第二段的第二句话找到了出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；这句话的意思是当主角在舞台上抓住了我们的注意力的时候，我们意识到了配角和戏剧场景本身的重要性。因此文章谈到主角的目的很显然是为了说明配角和戏剧场景也很重要，但是没有这样的选项，所以我们要求助于辅助句；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。本题的辅助句是第二段的第一句和第三句；
第四步：寻找最佳答案；A的意思是exceptional children的成长与他们的家庭和社会有很大关系，文章第一个辅助句讲到了，所以是正确的，但是不能立刻就选A，因为我们寻找的是最佳答案；B的意思是exceptional children比普通的孩子更容易受到他们家庭的影响，文章得分句和辅助句都没有比较两者，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；C的意思是exceptional children是家庭和社会兴趣的核心，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；D的意思是社会的需要比exceptional children的需要更加重要，所以是文章得分句和辅助句都没有提及的选项不选；因此这个题目最后选择A；

例2、“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise, ” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But, ” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ”
This year, 50 percent of the 910, 000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process, ” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays. ”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. “First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”

63. The example of Pasteur in the passage in used to .(1994)
(A) predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
(B) indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
(C) prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
(D) warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered

解析：
第一步：看题干确定情感态度的主体，如果主体是作者我们一般是根据局部对象找到出题句（得分句）；如果主体是其他人，我们一般根据该其他人的名字或称呼来找到出题句（得分句）；根据本题的题干知道本题没有谈到局部情感态度的主体，只提到了Pasteur这个情感态度的对象，因此根据该对象我们在文章的第一段的最后一句话找到了出题句（得分句）；
第二步：找到出题句（得分句）后就用剥洋葱式句子结构分析法解读这句话的意思，寻找作者或他人的局部目的；这句话的意思是想想Pasteur这个人吧，他发现了很多种感染的原因，但是那是在五、六十年后人们才有了治疗方案；所以文章说Pasteur的目的就是为了说明治疗方案在人们发现感染原因很久后才知道。但是没有这样的选项，所以我们要求助于辅助句；
第三步：如果在出题句（得分句）中找不到局部目的，那么就要求助于本出题句（得分句）的辅助句（就是辅助我们读懂出题句的句子）。一般出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的第一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的所有文字；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的最后一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是这段文字的倒数第二句；如果出题句（得分句）是一段文章（不是一篇文章）的中间一句话，那么它的辅助句应该是本句话的前一句和后一句。这个题目的正确答案必然在这个题目的得分句和辅助句中产生。本题的辅助句是第一段的倒数第二句；
第四步：寻找最佳答案；A的意思是预言癌症的秘密将要会在10年后被揭露，文章得分句和辅助句都没有讲到，所以是无关选项；B的意思是暗示治疗癌症的前景是光明的，文章也没有谈到治疗癌症前景的问题，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；C的意思是证明癌症在50、60年后会得到治疗，文章得分句和辅助句也没有谈到，所以是文章没有提及的选项不选；D的意思是在癌症得到征服前我们还有很长的路要走，因此这个题目最后最佳选择D；

陪你一起走过考研的日子之阅读篇（分论题型篇之一）

春晖 — Tue, 22 Mar 2005 15:01:00 GMT

情感态度题
情感态度题概述：情感态度题分为两种，即全文情感态度题和局部情感态度题。全文情感态度题，是指作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度；局部情感态度题，是指作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。
例如，假设一篇文章的论点是猪是所有动物中游泳最快的动物，并且为了证明这个论点，文章中的论据部分讲到了Smith先生说，“狗这个动物游泳也很快”。那么题目问我们作者对于猪是什么情感态度的题目就是全文情感态度题，因为它是作者对于全文论点谈论对象的情感态度；而如果问的是作者对于狗的情感态度或Smith对于狗或猪的情感态度的什么的题目就是局部情感态度题，因为它们是作者对于文章的非论点谈论对象的情感态度或者是指除作者以外的其他人对于论点谈论对象或非论点谈论对象的情感态度。
考研的文章全部是来源于英美国家国内杂志上发表过的议论文，那么根据议论的特点议论的论点必须鲜明。如果一个论点不鲜明的文章投稿的话，报社自然是不会采用的，因为那是一篇很糟糕的议论文。而如果这个议论文谈论的话题是男女平等的问题的话，那么作者的情感态度必然是支持男女平等的。否则在美国国内是不会有人写支持男女不平等的文章的，更没有哪个报社敢刊登这样的“大逆不道”的文章的。所以因为我们考察的文章是议论文，这样就在某种程度上决定了我们在做情感态度题目的时候必须按照议论文的特征来解答。议论文的特征也正是情感态度题的命题的逻辑的缺陷，成为我们解题的关键。下面详细的讲解情感态度题的解题方法：
全文情感态度题
一、情感态度题选项核心词汇
（一）必然不会成为正确答案的中性词：
① indifferent,漠不关心的意思，这个词永远不能成为正确答案，因为如果作者对于论点谈论的话题不关心的话怎么可能去写一篇450字左右的文章呢？既然写了就一定是关心的；相近词汇有：disinterested, impassive;
② suspicion,怀疑的意思，它的形容词是suspicious，议论文的论点必须是鲜明的，作者已经把文章写完了又怎么可能会依旧怀疑自己的论点呢？如果怀疑又怎么有自信把自己的文章邮寄到报社发表呢？报社又怎么可能发表呢？既然报社不可能发表那我们的命题者又是怎么找到文章的呢？所以这个词永远不会成为正确答案的；相近词汇有：questioned, questionable, puzzled, puzzling, gloomy;
③ neutral,中立的意思，议论文的论点必须有倾向性，必须鲜明，因此不选。
（二）必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词
① sensitive,敏感的意思，这个词汇是万能选项，因为任何议论文作者必然是对论点谈论的对象是敏感的，否则就不会写这样的议论文了。因此这个选项是适合任何议论文的作者的全文情感态度的，只有在确定排除其他选项的情况下，才可以成为正确答案，一般是直接排除。因为万能选项不能考察考生的阅读理解文章的能力，如果可以成为正确答案的话，大家看见就选那这个题目出的还有什么意思？没有任何难度。它的相近词汇有：concerned;
② biased,有偏见的意思，如果这个词是正确答案的话，也就是说命题者任何作者的观点是有偏见，即命题者是完全否认作者的这个文章的，而如果命题者已经完全否定了这个文章又怎么可能再把在他眼睛里的“垃圾”拿来考你呢？因此不选。相近词汇有：prejudice;
③ scared,害怕的意思，如果作者对于他自己谈论的话题很害怕他怎么会邮寄到报社去发表呢？不邮寄到报社，报社又怎么发表呢？因此也不可能成为正确的答案的。相近词汇有：afraid, fear;
（三）可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词
① objective,客观的意思，有人要问具有褒义色彩的中性词和中性词有什么区别？它们的区别就是中性词没有任何的倾向性，而具有褒义色彩的中性词本身虽然是中性词，但是它们确实有褒义倾向的。因此可以成为正确的答案。
② impartial,公正的、没有偏袒的意思，解释同上。
③ surprised,惊讶的意思，相近词汇有：amazed;
（四）可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词
① critical,批评的意思，作者在写议论文的时候完全批评一个事物；
② approve，同意的意思，它的反意词是：disapprove;
③ positive，积极的意思，它的反意词是： passive =negative；
④ optimistic，乐观的意思，它的反意词是：pessimistic；
在考试中是不是说只有以上归纳的词汇成为全文情感态度题的选项呢？答案当然是否定的。考试中不可能只有以上的词汇成为选项的。以上的选项只是从历年真题中提炼出来的归纳和总结，具有代表意义。希望大家在以后的解题过程中把每个不在以上范围内的词汇根据以上的解析归纳到以上的范围内，这样有助于我们解题。
二、情感态度题解题步骤
（一）看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；
（二）看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；
（三）看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；例如一个题目中的选项如下：A. identical(一致的); B. similar（相似的）; C. complementary（相互补充的）; D.opposite（相反的）;因此这个题目选择D；
（四）看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；
（五）看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；
（六）判断该对象的性质；
① 如果该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项；比如尊师重道；
② 如果该对象与伦理道德观念不相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的贬义词的选项；比如作奸犯科；
③ 如果该对象与伦理道德观念没有关系，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词；比如经济的增长或衰弱；
④ 如果该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词；比如安乐死，我们的道德观念不认为一个人支持安乐死就说他是邪恶的，也不会认为一个人反对安乐死就说他是残忍的，我们的道德观念而是允许发表任何言论。
注1：如果判断一个题目应该选择褒义词，但是选项中没有褒义词的时候应该选择具有褒义色彩的中性词；反之亦然；
注2：可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词成为正确答案的机率最大，其次是可以成为正确答案的褒义词，最后是可以成为正确答案的贬义词。
三、情感态度题真题演示
例1. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .(1997)
(A) opposition (B) suspicion (C) approval (D) indifference
【解析】我们在做全文情感态度题时要严格的按照以上的解题方法和步骤去解题，不能跳跃，换而言之，我们必须能够合上笔记本说出上面的所有内容才能确保我们在做这样的题目时万无一失。
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B和D；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；没有发现这样的词汇；
第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；也没有相近的选项；
第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A和C；
第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即euthanasia（安乐死）。
第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然安乐死是属于与伦理道德的关系还没有形成定论的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。但是本题中没有可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词，因此根据注1应该选择褒义词，所以这个题目选C。

例2. The passage shows that the author is the present situation.(1997)
(A) critical of (B) puzzled by (C) disappointed at (D) amazed at
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；没有发现这样的词汇；
第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；应该排除A和C，因为A是批评的意思，C是失望的意思；因为批评了怎么可能会不失望呢？失望了又怎么能不批评呢？所以它们是相近选项排除；
第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留D；
第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即present situation根据文章知道present situation是指经济相关的话题；
第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选D。

例3. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .(1998)
(A) impartial (B) subjective (C) biased (D) puzzling
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了D；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；据此排除了C；
第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题没有相近选项；
第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A和B；
第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即“science vs. antiscience”，是指科学与反科学做斗争的话题；
第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然该对象与伦理道德观念相吻合，那么应该选择含有可以成为正确答案的褒义词的选项；但是根选项中没有褒义词，根据注1这个题目应该选A；
例4. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be .(1999)
(A) biased (B) indifferent (C) puzzling (D) objective
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；据此排除了B和C；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；据此排除了A；
第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题没有相近选项；
第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留D；
第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即issue，根据文章知道是指法庭对于消费者受到商品伤害后的处理案件的态度的发展史的话题；
第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然该对象与伦理道德的的关系还没有形成定论，那么应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词，所以选择D；

例5. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .(2001)
(A) optimistic (B) objective (C) pessimistic (D) biased
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；本题中没有该选项；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此排除D；
第三步：看选项，排除选项中的相近选项；本题中没有这样的选项；
第四步：看选项，保留选项中可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词和可以成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此保留A、B和C；
第五步：看题干，判断情感态度指向的对象；即new business wave根据文章知道new business wave是指经济相关的话题；
第六步：判断该对象的性质；很显然经济相关的话题是属于与伦理道德没有关系的，所以应该选择可以成为正确答案的具有褒义色彩的中性词。因此所以这个题目选B。

例6. From the text we can see that the writer seems .(2002)
(A) optimistic (B) sensitive. (C) gloomy (D) scared.
第一步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的中性词；本题中没有该选项；
第二步：看选项，排除选项中的必然不会成为正确答案的褒义词和贬义词；因此排除B、C和D；所以这个题目应该选择A

局部情感态度题
在我国的考研英语阅读理解试卷中局部情感态度题极为罕见。在2003年和2004年连续两年各考了2题，但是此前并没有这样的题型，而且在2005的试卷中也没有考到。这个不能说明这样的题型不重要，相反只能说明局部情感态度题是非常重要的，而且根据往年的得分统计来看，该题型得分非常低。究其原因是什么？我们先来研究这个四个题目，最后再回答这个问题。
一、局部情感态度题与全文情感态度题的区别
两者其实虽然都是情感态度题，但是在本质上他们没有什么共同之处，在全文情感态度题里所有不可能成为正确答案的选项在这里都可以成为正确答案。而且他们的解题方法没有任何共同之处。他们唯一的共同点就是都是情感态度题。
二、局部情感态度题的解题步骤
（一）根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；
（二）在出题句（或称得分句）中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；
（三）比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；
三、局部情感态度题历年真题解析
例1、In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

52．What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?(2003)
(A) Indifferent. (B) Supportive. (C) Indignant. (D) Apprehensive.
【解析】：
第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；根据该题的题干，我们可以依据many captive shippers找到本题目的出题句（得分句）为最后一段的第一句话。
第二步：在出题句（或称得分句）中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了worry这个单词；
第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；发现D不仅有理解的意思，还有忧虑的意思，因此本题选D；

例2、It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U. S. spent $12. 7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

58．The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of .(2003)
(A) strong disapproval (B) reserved consent
(C) slight contempt (D) enthusiastic support
【解析】：
第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；根据该题的题干，我们可以依据Richard Lamm’s remark找到本题目的出题句（得分句）为第三段的最后一句话，但是这句话里并没有作者的情感态度，只有Richard Lamm的看法，因此本句不是出题句（得分句），但是可以肯定的是出题句就是该句附近。我们发现在第四段第一句话说I would not go that far.这里的I就是指作者，that是指Richard Lamm的看法，所以本句才是真正的出题句；
第二步：在出题句（或称得分句）中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；这个句子中没有一个单词是有感情色彩的，但是作为一个整体又是有感情色彩的，意思是作者不会和Richard Lamm走一样远的。不会走一样远并不是说不走，只是说没有走的那么远，所以作者对于Richard Lamm的看法是局部的同意和支持的；
第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；因此本题应该选择B；

例3、When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

52．How do the public feel about the current economic situation? (2004)
(A) Optimistic. (B) Confused. (C) Carefree. (D) Panicked.
【解析】：
第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。因为文章中没有the public这个短语。在没有一样的词语的时候我们应该寻找一个近意词来替代。结果发现在文章倒数第二段的第一句话中的Consumers即是指大众，因此本句为出题句。
第二步：在出题句（或称得分句）中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；在最后一段的第一句中我们找到了not in despair这个词组，是没有绝望的意思；
第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，选择一个意思和该词语最为接近的选项；发现A是乐观的意思，是四个选项中意思最为接近的选项；

例4、Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.
“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”
“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are(2004)
(A) identical. (B) similar. (C) complementary. (D) opposite.
【解析】：
第一步：根据局部对象或者局部对象的主体找出本题的出题句；我们发现本题根本就没有对应的出题句。我们发现文章中没有一句话是即包括Ravish有包括Emerson的，但是我们能很轻易的找到Ravish在第二段的第一句话中，Emerson在第五段的第一句话中，因此这个题目的得分句是这个两句。
第二步：在出题句（或称得分句）中寻找含有感情色彩的词语或句子；我们发现这个两句话的意思正好是相反的；
第三步：比较该感情色彩的词语或句子和四个选项，我们只能选择D；另外因为这个题目中A、B、C的意思是相近的，所以同时排除，我们也可以知道这个题目选D。

本章总结：以上的例题把从1994年到2005年的有关全文情感态度题全部列举了出来，如果一种解题的方法可以使用每一年的真题，那么我们有什么理由不相信它依旧使用2006呢？在大家做各个辅导老师出的模拟题的时候必然会发现我们这里讲的方法是不能通用在模拟题中的，这个不是说我们的方法不灵了，而是那个出模拟题的人没有对真题有深入的研究，是模拟题出的质量有问题，因此大家应该批判的去做模拟题。

考研英语阅读__ 印建坤

春晖 — Tue, 22 Mar 2005 13:55:00 GMT

一、考研英语阅读的复习方法
　　考研英语的阅读难吗？难！！！真的难吗？其实也不难！！！有人会说难者不会，会者不难。我想说考研阅
读难不难重要吗？如果试卷简单，你认为你就能考上了吗？简单是对全国考生都简单，不是只对你一个人而言
的。所以试题的难度并不影响我们最终能否实现我们的愿望。
　　那么什么才能影响我们考研的最后的结果呢？很显然，这个问题问的很弱智。答案当然是考试的成绩。对于
很多考生而言，他们认为自己的英语水平是恒定的，至少不会在一年的复习里是没有什么实质性的变化的。因为
他们坚信英语是语言的一种，就和中文一样，需要时间的磨练，否则永远不能考到高分的。其实，事情并非是这
样的。一个没有过4级的人考研，考研英语同样可以考70；一个GRE考2400的人，同样可能在考研中英语考40。考
研英语的考试的成绩和你的实际英语能力有关系，但是不是永远成正比的关系。如果你把历年的真题哪出来研究
一下，特别是2005年的真题，就会发现，即使你把阅读的文章和题目全部翻译成中文，你依据有一半以上的题目
不知道选什么。
　　于是，我们开始困惑了。以前我们题目做不正确总是把问题归咎于自己没有背单词从而读不懂文章，现在看
来问题不仅仅是如此的肤浅了。我们开始思考问题的根源……
　　终于，我们发现原来读懂文章只是能够做对题目的前提条件而已，对于能否做对题目而言不是核心的问题。
原来要想做对考研的阅读题目还需要具备专门针对于考研阅读的解题技能。那么技能又从何而来呢？有没有一种
解题技能可以用在高考、4级、6级和考研呢？事实证明每一个阶段的解题技能都不是通用的。我们再次困惑了，
不是考英语吗？不是读动文章就可以了吗？怎么读懂了还是做不对呢？为什么同样是阅读，在考研里的解题方法
和其他考试的解题方法就不一样了呢？更令人不能理解的是，为什么把我们的考研英语阅读拿给很多英国、美国
人做，他们也有很多做错或不会的呢？是我们试卷的问题还是外国人弱智呢？
　　其实，外国人不弱智，我们的试卷也没有问题。有问题的是试卷背后隐藏的考研英语命题的本质。原来不同
的人就必然会有不同的逻辑思维，不同的逻辑思维就必然导致不同的出题思路，不同的出题思路也就必然会带来
不同的解题方法。举个例子，请问这个世界上什么武功是天下第一？也许有人说是如来神掌，也许有人说是降龙
十八掌，也许还有人说是打狗棒法，也许更有人说是九阴真经或者是蛤蟆功什么的。晕，到底是哪个更加利害
呢？我不知道，你知道吗？相信没有人知道。因为每一种武功本身都有与自己相刻的武功的存在，因为第一创造
这种武功的人是用他自己大脑去组织和编排这种功夫的，而组织和编排的背后是这个创始人的思维逻辑，你相信
这个创始人的逻辑是完美而没有漏洞的吗？如果你相信，那么这个创始人应该是孔子的爸爸，因为只有这样他才
能比“圣人”还圣人。实际上他不可能是孔子的爸爸，所以他也不可能是圣人，当然他更不可能具备一个完美的
没有任何漏洞的逻辑。既然如此，那么针对此人的逻辑漏洞自然也就有可以克服他的武功的方法，于是我们在武
侠的世界里总是有某种武功可以克制另外一种武功的先例，不管这个武功是多么的利害，它一定有漏洞。要想打
败蛇拳就必须学会鹤拳。任何逻辑没有最完美，只有更完美。高考、4级、6级和考研不是同样的人在命题，自然
他们的逻辑思维是不一样的，那么他们的命题思路也是不一样的，既然命题思路不一样自然也就不能用同样的方
法去解决他们问题了。因此，我们要想在考研英语阅读中考到高分就必须分析命题者的思维漏洞，从而找到各种
题型的解题思路。
　　那么怎样来研究呢？有两个方法：一是把命题者抓来关在一个混暗的房间里研究他们行为和语言，通过这样
的研究找出他们的逻辑漏洞；二是研究命题者曾经做过的同种性质的行为。很显然第一个方案我们暂时必须搁
浅，是不可能的。那么命题者曾经做过的同种性质的行为又是什么呢？真题！！！真题是他们思维的最典型的反
映。通过研究真题剖析他们的大脑，找到我们想要的各种题型的解题方法。
　　有人可能会问，这样研究有用吗？因为每年的命题者可能不是同样的人啊。其实，每年的命题者是相对稳定
的，当然每年更换部分人员是有可能的，但是绝对不可能把整个命题组给换了的。如果真的把整个命题组换了，
那也只有一种情况才有可能发生，那就是全部命题者发生意外死亡了。事实是这个也不可能。除非发生非典他们
同时感染了，事实是他们并没有在非典中同时感染。所以即使换部分成员，那个没有被换的命题者依旧是这个命
题组中资格最老的学者，因此他的话语还一定是最有分量的，命题思路因此又得到了延续。根据我们对历年真题
的研究如果我们发现用同样一种方法我们可以做对所有的事实细节题，那就说明出题思路有传承性。因此我们的
研究方法是正确的。
　　那么有没有可能命题者知道我们在研究他们的行为而改变命题思路呢？有可能，完全有可能。但是现在的命
题思路已经是最为“特别”的了（也就是读懂文章依旧不会做题），如果再改就只能改回我们看懂文章就能做对
题目的时代。事实是不可能这样的。因为那样的话，考试就太简单了。我们发现历年真题里的生词为数极少，语
法结构貌似复杂，其实就是6大主要语法在那里进行无数次的组合。因此，即使命题者改变命题思路，那也只能变
的简单，只要我们掌握单词和语法就可以了。这样和考高考、4级以及6级无异。对于我们来说是件好事。那样高
分就太多了，那样我们还怎样去选择所谓的“人才和栋梁”？不符合中国学者的逻辑。
　　因此，对我们这些准备考研的人而言，英语上最主要的应该做两件事情：一是读懂文章，这个需要有单词和
语法为基础；二是分析命题者命题思路，从而掌握正确的解题思路。

二、考研英语单词
　　单词的来源：考研单词被什么地方的呢？有很多种回答，有人说背考试大纲，有人说背考研词汇手册，还有
人说背老师发的讲义。其实这些全不对。应该背历年真题阅读理解文章里的你自己不认识的单词。如果你自己做
个统计就知道了，2005年的所有单词（专业词汇除外）在过去的10年的真题的阅读里都考过了。而且重复的频率
极高，并且总是考同样的意思。
　　单词的记忆方法：建议化整为零。最糟糕的方法就是一天背一百或几百个单词，因为这样太浪费时间而且效
果不是很明显，遗忘率极高。你可以一天背20个单词，而且不是集中时间记忆，是把20个单词分散在一天的不同
的3个时间段来记忆。早晨起床6个，午饭后6个，晚上睡觉前8个。这样就不占用复习其他功课的时间了。第2天的
时候要依此往复，其实考研英语里的词汇绝大多数是高中词汇，只有不到800个4、6级词汇，因此你很快就可以很
轻松的背完的。但是在这个记忆的过程中你必须注意及时的复习，即在背第2天单词前一定要复习第一天的单词，
背第3天的单词前一定要复习第1天和第2天的单词，如此往复，到第30天时你就把第1天的单词背了1次，复习了29
次，你是不会遗忘的。这样的记忆单词的方法不会影响你日常的工作学习，而且还记忆持久。

三、考研英语词组
　　词组来源：一是真题阅读里的词组；二是每年考试大纲参考里完型填空解析部分的归纳好了的词组。
　　记忆方法：同上。建议每天记忆以8到10个词组为佳。

四、考研英语核心语法
1、定语从句
2、插入语
3、of相关的定语后置
4、分词结构
5、并列句
6、宾语从句

五、剥洋葱式句子结构分析法
　　在考研英语里长难句是我们读懂文章和翻译的核心障碍，要想读懂这样的长难句就不能按照普通的阅读方法
从句子的第一单词开始来读，应该找到一个真确的被无数英、美国家的外国人潜意识里使用的读句子的方法来
读。具体分为如下4步：
第一步、确定句子有几个洋葱（一个完整的句子为一个洋葱，有时一个句号却有好几个完整的句子）。确定的方
法有
1、看句子里有没有and，如果有看这个并列句是什么并列句，如果是句子并列就说明有２个或多个洋葱每个洋葱
应该独立剥皮；
２、看句子里有没有but,yet，如果有就说明他们的前后是独立的，有２个或多个洋葱每个洋葱应该独立剥皮，但
是也有特殊情况如But I am a man.这个句子虽然有but，但是还是一个洋葱；
３、看句子里有没有特殊的标点符号，包括分号、冒号和破折号，如果有就说明他们前后的句子独立各自成为洋
葱。
第二步、给句子剥皮。每构成一个独立的语法就构成一成皮，这些语法包括定语从句、定语后置、分词结构、并
列句、宾语从句和插入语。
第三步、把每层皮翻译成中文
第四步、把很多简单的中文句子组合成中文长句
注意：考研的翻译全是可以分为四层的长句，一层０.５分。

例如She,who is her mother's daughter, is a girl of beauty which is envied by Lily who is of 
ugliness which is so famous in New York where there are so many poors who have a lot of children 
forbidden to go to school in which they can study how to live in the tedious world,which we all 
know.
解析：这个句子看起来很简单，其实很多学生却心中有千言万语不知道从何说起。按照剥洋葱句子结构分析的方
式，读这个句子的方法如下：
第一步，因为这个句子没有and\but\yet，也没有特殊的标点符号。所以这个句子只有一个洋葱；
第二步，句子按照语法剥皮，分为如下①she is a girl②of beauty③which is envied by Lily ④who is of 
ugliness ⑤which is so famous in New York ⑥where there are so many poors ⑦who have a lot of 
children⑧forbidden to go to school ⑨in which they can study⑩how to live in the tedious world,⑾
which we all know⑿who is her mother's daughter（插入语总是放到最后解决，翻译的时候可以用括号放在它
前面的内容后）
第三步，把每个皮分别翻译为中文．（略）
第四步，把这些简单的中文组合成长句，这个时候就变成简单的中文文字游戏了．

These things shall never die

春晖 — Sat, 18 Dec 2004 16:43:00 GMT

这些美好不会消逝

　　The pure.the bright,the beautiful, 一切纯洁的,辉煌的,美丽的,
　　That stirred our hearts in youth, 强烈地震撼着我们年轻的心灵的,
　　The impulses to wordless prayer, 推动着我们做无言的祷告的,
　　The dreams of love and truth; 让我们梦想着爱与真理的;
　　The longing after something‘s lost, 在失去后为之感到珍惜的,
　　The spirit‘s yearning cry, 使灵魂深切地呼喊着的,
　　The striving after better hopes- 为了更美好的梦想而奋斗着的-
　　These things can never die. 这些美好不会消逝。
　　
　　The timid hand stretched forth to aid 羞怯地伸出援助的手，
　　A brother in his need, 在你的弟兄需要的时候，
　　A kindly word in grief‘s dark hour 伤恸、困难的时候，一句亲切的话

　　That proves a friend indeed ; 就足以证明朋友的真心；
　　The plea for mercy softly breathed, 轻声地乞求怜悯，
　　When justice threatens nigh, 在审判临近的时候，
　　The sorrow of a contrite heart- 懊悔的心有一种伤感--
　　These things shall never die. 这些美好不会消逝。
　　
　　Let nothing pass for every hand 在人间传递温情
　　Must find some work to do ; 尽你所能地去做；
　　Lose not a chance to waken love- 别错失去了唤醒爱的良机-----
　　Be firm,and just ,and true; 为人要坚定，正直，忠诚；
　　So shall a light that cannot fade 因此上方照耀着你的那道光芒
　　Beam on thee from on high. 就不会消失。
　　And angel voices say to thee---你将听到天使的声音在说-----
　　These things shall never die. 这些美好不会消逝。

Love Your Life

春晖 — Sat, 18 Dec 2004 16:34:00 GMT

　热爱生活
　　　　　　Henry David Thoreau/享利.大卫.梭罗

　　However mean your life is,meet it and live it ;do not shun it and
call it hard names.It is not so bad as you are.It looks poorest when you
are richest.The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.Love your
life,poor as it is.You may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious
hourss,even in a poor-house.The setting sun is reflected from the
windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man‘s abode;
the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.I do not see but a
quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering
thoughts,as in a palace.The town‘s poor seem to me often to live the
most independent lives of any.May be they are simply great enough to
receive without misgiving.Most think that they are above being supported
by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting
themselves by dishonest means.which should be more disreputable.
Cultivate poverty like a garden herb,like sage.Do not trouble yourself
much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,Turn the old,return to
them.Things do not change;we change.Sell your clothes and keep your
thoughts.
　　
　　不论你的生活如何卑贱，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。
它不像你那样坏。你最富有的时候，倒是看似最穷。爱找缺点的人就是到天堂里也
能找到缺点。你要爱你的生活，尽管它贫穷。甚至在一个济贫院里，你也还有愉快
、高兴、光荣的时候。夕阳反射在济贫院的窗上，像身在富户人家窗上一样光亮；
在那门前，积雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一个从容的人，在哪里也像在皇宫中一
样，生活得心满意足而富有愉快的思想。城镇中的穷人，我看，倒往往是过着最独
立不羁的生活。也许因为他们很伟大，所以受之无愧。大多数人以为他们是超然的
，不靠城镇来支援他们；可是事实上他们是往往利用了不正当的手段来对付生活，
他们是毫不超脱的，毋宁是不体面的。视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧！
不要找新的花样，无论是新的朋友或新的衣服，来麻烦你自己。找旧的，回到那里
去。万物不变，是我们在变。你的衣服可以卖掉，但要保留你的思想。

英语情书（美文）

春晖 — Sat, 18 Dec 2004 15:41:00 GMT

Cold here, icy cold there. You belong to neither, leaves have withered. Your f
ace is pale and blue, a tearful smile. Something in your eyes, whispers words
of last good-bye. My heart sinks down, tears surge out.

Hot summer. Cheerful Cocktail. You took my hand. We fled into another world of
band. You sat by my side, long hair tied behind, cool and killing. Smile floa
ting on the lemonade, soft and smooth. How I was amazed. Your face looked like
the cover of the magazine. My head spin. You led my hand, danced along the cr
azy theme.

Light vied with wine, elegance mixed with fragrance, laughing covered by greet
ings, the crowed was busy at handshaking. You stood there, eyes on me. I tremb
led at the sparkles, brighter than the light. A masterpiece from God, I felt d
izzy. We were not near, yet we were together.

Days ended. You said, you would wait for me at the Alps side. We would ski aga
inst snowflakes dancing in the sky. I gave no answer but a good-bye to accompa
ny your flight. Gone was the plane, I suddenly tasted my pain. I knew I had be
en silly and stupid, you were in my heart, I shouldn’t have hidden in the dar
k. I tried to forget your disappointment. I made believe sometime someday, I w
ould tell you, I feel all the same.

My thought struggled at confessing, somehow hesitation ended in flinching. I c
ontinued my role of a fool, clinched to my maiden pride, yet secretly indulged
in your promise of the white land -- snow measuring down to us, in your arms
I am lifted up. The chiming of Christmas bell!

The bell died in the patter of rain, from hell came the laughing of Satan at m
y brain. Tearful smile, swallowed by the darkness. How could I trace your hair
to wipe your tears? My hands reached out, catching nothing but a raindrop, on
a leaf that had withered.

Snowflakes have melted into water, we are no more together.
posted by 翁帆 @ 2004-08-13 21:28

2004-8-13 星期五(Friday) 晴
Wind Flower

Life was lonely. I used to stand in my balcony, watching the stars shinning fa
r away. I was a seed, full of life, buried in the earth, waiting for the rain
of spring.

There came a cool winter night. By the glass wall above the misty sea, we were
touching edges of the dream. Red wine painted a fragrant smile. Isn’t it a m
agic beginning of spring?

Life began again the moment you took my hand. Under the neon light, your kisse
d set me free. Out from the earth rose a sweet sweet rose. I felt again the wa
rmth of spring.

Each day I see you pass by me. Your broad shoulders are all my dream. You are
always here, shinning. My darling monster. If your thoughts are with me, I cou
ld see the color of spring.

How could I ever neglect you before? You are the star I have been searching fo
r. Who says sacrifice is moth to the flame? Could you understand I am dying fo
r the spirit of spring?

Your breath caressed my ears; your sweat tiptoed my hands. Through the windowp
ane, blue sky in my eyes. The night was so pretty and so young. If I could eve
r stay here forever, I would ignore the hope of spring.

Wind flower. It has captured every young dreamer. I know I should keep away, b
ut your charm carried me away. I hold you so closely and lost in the beauty of
spring.
# posted by 翁帆 @ 2004-08-13 22:42

2004-8-13 星期五(Friday) 晴
I Have to Go

I have to go, my darling. Spring arrives. Life in nature blooms but breath of
love dies. I take a deep inhale, depressed at the freshness. I have to go.

Darling, too many walls have been built between us. Your heart is up where I c
annot find. I look into your eyes and see nothing inside. Your smile is no lon
ger here to shine. When clouds abruptly darken the sky, when turns suddenly oc
cupy the road, I have to go.

Darling, my shelter shatters. Sunshine glitters on the sea. Light stings my ey
es. Uttering a cry, the sea gull flaps its wings. My island sways in the wind.
The waves run onto the rocks – crash, boom, bang. When hope turns into foam,
I have to go.

Darling, night no longer lights fire. Access to your voice has expired. I glar
e at my phone, catching no trace of your name. As stars twinkle, magic slides
from my hands. It falls to the ground like china -- crash, boom, bang. When th
e pieces could no longer make a whole, I have to go.

Darling, the city stands in the dark, dazzlingly splendid. I find no glory but
a riot of chaos. Sobriety twists in reality; solidity switches to fragility.
I live like a butterfly, struggling out of the cocoon. When sorrow bursts out
from the hollow, I have to go.

I have to go, my darling. I once looked over your shoulders and saw a beautifu
l world. But now, when life is without you, when promise is no longer promise,
I have to go.
# posted by 翁帆 @ 2004-08-13 23:01

翁帆写给杨振宁的，prefect，收藏，嘿嘿，也许以后用得到

新东方名师语录

春晖 — Thu, 16 Dec 2004 15:20:00 GMT

人生的奋斗目标不要太大，认准了一件事情，投入兴趣与热情坚持去做，你就会成功。
　　——俞敏洪
害怕成功的人永远不会成功。不敢追求幸福的人永远不会尝到幸福的滋味。
　　——王强
勤奋是任何成功的基石，语言学习尤其如此。在成功到来之前，每个人都要独自穿越一段黑夜、攀上一条陡坡。
　　——江博
我只是个一般人，只不过没有浪费过时间。每一段时间我都清楚自己有一个目标，也有毅力能够坚持实现这个目标。做任何事情的时候都要有怀疑精神，这样才能不断地去分析、思考，使自己不走弯路，不断地调整自己。
　　——钱永强
上帝制造人类的时候就把我们制造成不完美的人，我们一辈子努力的过程就是使自己变得更加完美的过程，我们的一切美德都来自于克服自身缺点的奋斗。
　　——俞敏洪

　　为了不让生活留下遗憾和后悔，我们应该尽可能抓住一切改变生活的机会。
　　——俞敏洪

　　生命，需要我们去努力。年轻时，我们要努力锻炼自己的能力，掌握知识、掌握技能、掌握必要的社会经验。机会，需要我们去寻找。让我们鼓起勇气，运用智慧，把握我们生命的每一分钟，创造出一个更加精彩的人生。
　　——俞敏洪

　　运气永远不可能持续一辈子，能帮助你持续一辈子的东西只有你个人的能力。
　　——俞敏洪

　　谁说“机会面前，人人平等”，新东方相信，个人奋斗制胜、攫取成功的精神财产将永远贫富不均。在浩瀚的生命之岸，你应该自豪地告诉世界，你追求过，你奋斗过，你为辉煌的人生从来没有放弃过希望，从来没有停止过拼搏。而这个造就了万物的世界也将自豪而欣慰地回答你：只要奋斗不息，人生终将辉煌。
　　——俞敏洪

　　有些人一生没有辉煌，并不是因为他们不能辉煌，而是因为他们的头脑中没有闪过辉煌的念头，或者不知道应该如何辉煌。
　　——俞敏洪

　　在我们的生活中最让人感动的日子总是那些一心一意为了一个目标而努力奋斗的日子，哪怕是为了一个卑微的目标而奋斗也是值得我们骄傲的，因为无数卑微的目标积累起来可能就是一个伟大的成就。金字塔也是由每一块石头累积而成的，每一块石头都是很简单的，而金字塔却是宏伟而永恒的。
　　——俞敏洪

　　新东方“在绝望中寻找希望”这句话，跟美国著名的民权运动家Martin Luther King所说的话是一模一样的，他在I have a dream演讲词中说过：“We will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.”（我们从绝望的大山中砍出一块希望的石头。）请记住，绝望是大山，但是只要你能砍出一块希望的石头，你就有了希望。
　　——俞敏洪

　　哪怕是最没有希望的事情，只要有一个勇敢者去坚持做，到最后就会拥有希望。
　　——俞敏洪

　　所有的人都是凡人，但所有的人都不甘于平庸。我知道很多人是在绝望中来到了新东方，但你们一定要相信自己，只要艰苦努力，奋发进取，在绝望中也能寻找到希望，平凡的人生终将会发出耀眼的光芒……
　　——俞敏洪

　　光有奋斗精神是不够的，还需要脚踏实地一步一步地去做。要先分析自己的现状，分析自己现在处于什么位置，到底具备什么样的能力，这也是一种科学精神。你给自己定了目标，你还要知道怎么样去一步一步地实现这个目标。从某种意义上说，树立具体目标和脚踏实地地去做同等重要。
　　——俞敏洪

背单词最重要的几点

春晖 — Thu, 16 Dec 2004 10:08:00 GMT

背单词最重要的一点，就是：...如果想比别人成功，就一定要走捷径。不要期盼自己比别
人幸运，也不要指望自己比别人更聪明或者更勤奋。从智力上说，从机遇上说，自己和别
人都是差不了多少的，想超过和自己差不多的人，就一定要走捷径，捷径，捷径！

　
　　背单词捷径的第一条，就是：一定要每次都大量地背。因为自己不比别人聪明，所以
背完单词，别人忘掉五分之一，自己决不会比别人忘得少。然而，别人每天背十个单词，
自己却可以背一百个，忘掉五分之一，还剩八十个，是别人最聪明状态下的十倍。每天一
百个是最低限。其实背到后来您会发现这个要求并不高，一个月后，您可能自然而然地就
背到三百或者五百。　这一百个要分成四组来背，上午三十,中午十个，下午三十，晚上三
十。第二天早晨复习以前没背下来的词。背的时候，要一目十词(注意，是十个而不是更多
或更少)，不要认认真真背，因为没有认认真真的时间。一边看一边读每个词的读音，默读
也成。看完后回忆一遍，回忆不起来的再看。这次背的目的在于留下个大概印象，下次看
见能知道这个词，所以背到大部分都能回忆得起来就成了，把剩下的词单独抄出来。

　　
背单词捷径的第二条，就是：背字典！为什么要背字典呢？因为字典上每个词的解释比较
全面，而且相同字母开头的单词都集中在一起。不是什么字典都可以拿来背的，一定要找
只包含自己想背的词的字典。另外，最好有英文方式的解释和例句。而且，一定要有音标
！如果是为了考TOFEL或者GRE，注意要选美音音标的字典。一般教材课文后面的词汇表都
是为那些认认真真听课的好学生准备的，想走捷径就千万不要去背那些东西。　背字典的
时候，按开头字母(Z,Y,X,Q,J,K,U)、(V,W,N,O,L)、(FG,IT,HM,BDE,R)、(C,P,S,A)的顺序
背，其中C,P,S,A每个都要分三部分背。这样背有几个好处：

　　（一）能增加成就感，提高兴趣。至于为什么，您翻翻字典就明白了。

　　（二）便于清楚地知道那些单词已经背过，那些还没背。

　　（三）能先把最基本的词先掌握。　三万单词里，分为三个等级：三千到四千，八千
到一万，两万二到三万。也就是说，您得分别准备三本字典。这几个等级之间各自有非常
不同的特性，所以需要分别用不同方法背。俺当时没有认识到这一点，所以在从一万到三
万之间走了一段弯路，浪费了一些时间，不然或许能突破到五万吧！　所以，背单词捷径
的下面这条就有了三个分支。
背单词捷径的第三条，就是：和单词多见面。一个单词能不能记住，取决于和它在不同场
合见面的频率，不在于每次看着它的时间长短(同样规律也适合于泡MM;))。一般想记住一
个单词，每星期要和它在*不同场合*见三到四次面。俺在上文中提到大量背的时候，不要
抠某一个字记住与否就是这个意思。因为是否一见钟情都是无所谓的，关键在于有更多不
同类型的见面机会。不过，根据要背的单词的等级不同，增加见面机会的方式也有所不同
。

　　第一个分支：瞎听！三千到四千这个等级，是非常常用的单词，而且几乎囊括了表达
最基本思想所需要的一切词汇。每篇文章中百分之八十都是这些词汇，而且这些词都是最
基本的语素(或称“词根“)，就是分割到最小无法再分割，互相之间也没什么类似之处的
东西。对付这些词的最好方法，就是进行大量的，不间断的，简单的初级听力练习。因为
阅读材料中，还有百分之二十其他词汇，所以光凭这个等级的词还看不懂那些阅读材料。
但是听力练习都是最基本的对话，而且发音一般很标准，多听能够增加单词的重复率，而
且可以为以后背八千到一万那个等级的词打下语音基础。

　　听的时候，要分精听和泛听两部分。精听当然是指每个词都要弄懂，俺着重讲一下泛
听(饭厅?;P)。泛听是最重要的，因为掌握语速和语调，以及总体印象都要*泛听。而这些
都是背八千到一万等级单词的基础?泛听能够让经常用到的词(也就是那些最必要掌握的词
)把您的耳朵磨出茧子来，让您模模糊糊听到个音就能反应出它是什么意思。泛听中您听到
的词，才是您真正应该记住的词，所以别害怕精听的时候什么都听不懂。到底什么是泛听
呢？泛听，就是说您听的时候，精神要分散，要一边干着其他事(比如撮饭或和别人大声讨
论撮饭;)~)，一边有一搭没一搭地听着。泛听一定要见缝插针，一有机会就听着，最好耳
机不离耳朵。　而精听的意义就在于找出您没听清的那些词。啊哈，那就是您背过但还不
熟悉的词了。:)把这些词单独记在另外一个地方，别跟没背下来的词混了。泛听要听精听
已经听过的内容。比如精听听到了第二盘磁带，那么泛听就听第一盘磁带，正好。提醒您
一句，千万别拿英语广播当自己的听力教材!!!　顺便跟您推荐一套听力教材：武汉师范大
学出的Step　by　Step.内容比较循序渐进，每一课开头的音乐也很好听。
第二个分支：狂看！八千到一万这个等级，基本包含了剩下的百分之二十。这些单词在听
力教材里很难找到。但是，可不要停止听的练习呦，因为听能巩固您的语调感觉，而这是
背这个等级单词的一个关键。不过，背这个等级的词，需要在听以外增加看的内容。　看
，同样要分精读和泛读两种。就象听一样，也是泛读更重要一些。泛读要挑不太长，能有
耐心看完的文章，而且看不懂的词不要太多，一篇文章有两三个不认识的就足够了。千万
不要一上来就看英语报刊杂志小说，那些东西不但很难看懂，而且看懂了也对背单词没什
么促进作用。　泛读也需要大量练习，只要您有耐心，又有足够时间，就一直看下去吧！
看的时候不要仔细阅读，扫一眼明白个大概意思就成了，然后把这一眼没看懂的词画上记
号，别琢磨它是什么意思，继续扫描吧！全部看完之后，回头再看这些单词，有的可能已
经想起来了，有的....还没想起来？那就查查字典，要是自己还没背过，就扔掉它，要是
已经背过了，就单独抄下来吧，和听力练习中没听出来的词放在一起。

　　俺的经验是新概念第一二册，然后大学泛读课本前两册，然后是另外的一个泛读教程
初级部分，然后新概念第三册，泛读课本第三册，某一种听力教材高级听力部分的教师用
书，然后新概念第四册，泛读课本第四五册...这么个顺序进度比较合适。

　　第三个分支：乱说！这只适合背两万二到三万的词。因为其他的词不用说就已经背下
来了。而这个等级的词在阅读材料里非常少，可能阅读十篇文章却一个这个等级的词也没
有。所以*阅读来增加见面机会已经不行了。这些词甚至有的老外一辈子都没见过，咋能指
望他们能写出来呢？尤其是GRE词汇，什么“给马穿衣服“，“纽约的流氓“，“从非洲吹
向南欧的风“....这些词都是一些精致的修辞，也就是说，如果您话里净是这些词，那您
可以假冒一位学者了。　一般的老外都是听不懂您说的这些话的，所以不用这些词也能表
达同样的含义。好了，您的机会来了，您可以跟老外讲话中带上这些单词，然后很自豪地
假装谦虚地跟他们解释这些词的含义。　每次跟老外解释一两个词就足够了，老外会佩服
您佩服得五体投地的。HL就向ws解释吧！要大胆而耐心，尤其是大胆。　这个阶段，您就
别再练听力了，因为练了进步也不大。还记得开头那句话么？要想成功，得走捷径。凡是
不能在短时期内取得巨大进步的行动，都不必浪费时间去做。　不过，这时候的阅读材料
成了问题：您会发现，过去看的东西觉得太浅没意思，看其他深的东西又看不懂。您还会
发现一个新的有趣现象：那就是您想看的文章里，现在全是第一个等级的那些词，每个词
您都确切知道它的含义，但整个文章您就是看不懂。　那您该看什么呢？就看第二个等级的那些?br />诚晕恼掳　Ｋ淙磺诚裕馨镏恢劣谕斯ケ吵隼吹某晒Ｖ劣谀床欢哪切┪
恼拢鹱偶保饶屠贤饨涣鞫嗔耍匀痪投耍嵌际且恍┐首椤①涤锘蛭姆ㄗ槌傻
奈恼隆?nbsp;
背单词捷径的第四条，就是：联想，联想，联想，.....背单词的第一个动作是什么？端详
一下它的外貌。第二第三个动作呢？看看它的内涵和发音。而第四个动作，就应该是联想
，再联想.....　联想它和其他背过的词有没有外表类似的？读音类似的？意思类似或相反
的？如果有，就赶紧记在旁边，在另外那些词旁边也把这个词加上。这样，以后看见其他
词，也会联想起这个词，等于又增加了一次见面机会。　而且，在第二、第三个等级的词
汇里，还有许多单词是由“前缀“，“词根“，“后缀“组成的，前缀比如“re“，“in
“，“pseud“...，后缀比如“er“，　“a“，　“oid“...，然后共同组成一个新词。
如果掌握了这些前后缀，就可以很方便地猜出一个生词到底什么意思。另外，有很多读音
相近的词也有相似的意思，这在俚语、诗歌和儿童用语中更普遍。

　　如果每天记80个单词，一个月只能背2400个单词，但掌握了这些规律后，实际上背的
速度越来越快，几乎一万多单词都是不用背就会了的。不过，在GRE单词中，有很多是既没
有和其他词的关系，又没有前后缀，看起来既简单又记不住的单词。这些词里边有希腊语
，意大利语，德语，拉丁语，甚至还有日语译音。这就只能*和别人解释来掌握了
说一下个人的意见。里面的方法没用过，但是看起来还是很好用的。我背单词的办法是泛
读。泡MM的办法看起来还是挺实用的，什么时候去实践一下。另外，Step by step这本教
材，以前用过，个人的感觉是太简单了一点